Omissions? Meanwhile, in April 1779, Arnold married Margaret (Peggy) Shippen, a young woman of loyalist sympathies. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. [146] There are also historical markers bearing his name at Wyman Lake Rest Area on US-201 north of Moscow, Maine, on the western bank of Lake Champlain, New York, and two in Skowhegan, Maine.[147]. Again he tried to resign, but in July he accepted a government order to help stem the British advance into upper New York. [66] Biographer Nathaniel Philbrick argues: Peggy Shippen did have a significant role in the plot. In December 1780, Arnold was given command of British forces sent to raid Virginia. Benedict Arnold Arnold arrived in New Brunswick in December 1785, so Sage's mother could not have been from there. Through his maternal grandmother, Arnold was a descendant of John Lothropp, an ancestor of six presidents. He had requested to resign multiple times after being refused promotions and, from December 1779 to January 1780, was court-martialed because of multiple charges of misconduct. From psychological wounds received in his Connecticut childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the family's fortunes? During this time, Arnold brought his sister Hannah to New Haven and established her in his apothecary to manage the business in his absence. After the usual exchange of greetings I ventured to request from him some letters of introduction to his friends in America. [24] Arnold initially took no part in any public demonstrations but, like many merchants, continued to do business openly in defiance of the Parliamentary Acts, which legally amounted to smuggling. He helped organize militia forces on British-held islands, receiving praise from the landowners for his efforts on their behalf. Washington refused his offer to resign, and wrote to members of Congress in an attempt to correct this, noting that "two or three other very good officers" might be lost if they persisted in making politically motivated promotions. Odell was a Loyalist working with William Franklin, the last colonial governor of New Jersey and the son of Benjamin Franklin. On August 13, Schuyler dispatched him with a force of 900 to relieve the siege of Fort Stanwix, where he succeeded in a ruse to lift the siege. One colonel wrote to Clinton concerning Arnold: "There are many officers who must wish some other general in command. His scheme was to surrender the fort to the British, but it was exposed in September 1780 when revolution militia captured Andr carrying papers which revealed the plot. [136], Fictional invocations of Benedict Arnold's name carry strongly negative overtones. [43], Arnold arrived in Schuyler's camp at Fort Edward, New York, on July 24. Benjamin Franklin wrote that "Judas sold only one man, Arnold three millions", and Alexander Scammell described his actions as "black as hell". At a prearranged rendezvous point on the shoreline his contact arrived just after midnight. He also began to insist on a face-to-face meeting, and suggested to Arnold that he pursue another high-level command. Benedict died of natural causes, maybe a fever. [95] They found the papers exposing the plot to capture West Point and passed them on to their superiors,[96] but Andr convinced the unsuspecting Colonel John Jameson, to whom he was delivered, to send him back to Arnold at West Pointbut he never reached West Point. Benedict Arnold was unhappy with his position in the Continental Army by the time he betrayed the cause of the American Revolution to the British. Some could even argue that, patriotism aside, it might have seemed insane for him not to turn traitor. [117] After her first voyage, Arnold returned to London in 1786 to bring his family to Saint John. [27] Margaret died on June 19, 1775, while Arnold was at Fort Ticonderoga following its capture. (Benedict Cumberbatch doesn't count; he's British.) Benedict Arnold was an enthusiastic patriot who believed passionately in the cause of American liberty. His father's alcoholism worsened after her death, and the youth took on the responsibility of supporting his father and younger sister. In that era, people ate most of the common foods without. In 1776, he deployed defensive and delay tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island in Lake Champlain that gave American forces time to prepare New York's defenses. Though the location was used for training cadets in engineering starting in 1794, it officially became the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802. [67], Early in May 1779, Arnold met with Philadelphia merchant Joseph Stansbury[c] who then "went secretly to New York with a tender of [Arnold's] services to Sir Henry Clinton". [113] Other attempts all failed to gain positions within the government or the British East India Company over the next few years, and he was forced to subsist on the reduced pay of non-wartime service. Two months later he repelled a British attack on Danbury, Connecticut, and was made a major general, but his seniority was not restored and Arnold felt his honour impugned. On July 12, he wrote again, making explicit the offer to surrender West Point, although his price rose to 20,000[b] (in addition to indemnification for his losses), with a 1,000[b] down payment to be delivered with the response. [11], In 1755, Arnold was attracted by the sound of a drummer and attempted to enlist in the provincial militia for service in the French and Indian War, but his mother refused permission. Arnold and Wemyss faced similar situations but created different legaciesWemyss "served with distinction during the war" but became a footnote in history; Arnold lost the respect of people on all sides of the Revolution and his name became synonymously linked to treason. [121], In July 1792, Arnold fought a bloodless duel with the Earl of Lauderdale after the Earl impugned his honor in the House of Lords. It was invoked again as sectional conflicts increased in the years before the American Civil War. Saint Benedict once lived in a hermit cave. During the Revolutionary War, West Point was known as Fort Arnold, but after Benedict Arnold's betrayal, it became known as Fort Clinton. In the United States, the name of Benedict Arnold is synonymous with treason. [12] In 1757 when he was 16, he did enlist in the Connecticut militia, which marched off toward Albany, New York, and Lake George. After organizing an assemblage of volunteers, he seized munitions from the New Haven arsenal and led his group northward to fight the British. [148] He was buried at St Mary's Church, Battersea, England which has a commemorative stained glass window. His action at Ridgefield, coupled with the death of Wooster due to wounds sustained in the action, resulted in his promotion to major general, although his seniority was not restored over those who had been promoted before him. [74] Furthermore, revolutionary mobs were scouring Philadelphia for Loyalists, and Arnold and the Shippen family were being threatened. Wilson believes that the explanation most consistent with the available documentation is that Sage was either the result of a liaison before Arnold left England or that he was Arnold's grandson by one of his older children. When and where was Benedict Arnold born? Samuel Spring carried him to the makeshift hospital at the Htel Dieu. The British withdrew from Philadelphia in June 1778, and Washington appointed Arnold military commander of the city. But You Probably Don't Know His Whole Story Illustration showing Major General Benedict Arnold (1741 - 1801) rallying the American troops. Andr then drafted instructions to Stansbury and Arnold. Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticutthe fifth person in his family to be named Benedict Arnold. I used the widely accepted 1910 translation by the sinologist Lionel Giles, available in various . He engaged in a variety of business deals designed to profit from war-related supply movements and benefiting from the protection of his authority. [107], The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured. [55], Arnold lived extravagantly in Philadelphia and was a prominent figure on the social scene. [132], Talleyrand continued, "I must confess that I felt much pity for him, for which political puritans will perhaps blame me, but with which I do not reproach myself, for I witnessed his agony". [140], Canadian historians have treated Arnold as a relatively minor figure. [104] He justified his actions in an open letter titled "To the Inhabitants of America", published in newspapers in October 1780. The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17751776, Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17771779, A Proclamation to the Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army, "The Crypt Center Church on the Green New Haven, CT", 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200008, "Independence National Historical Park: History of the President's House", "The Culper Spy Ring American Revolution", "Loyal American Regiment Historical Treks", "Native Norwich Is Ignoring Benedict Arnold", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath Of Treason", Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7, "In Commemoration of Arnold's Expedition to Quebec", "Letter: Some recognize Gen. Arnold as true hero of the Revolutionary War", "By Brigadier-General Arnold, A proclamation to the officers and soldiers of the Continental army who have the real interest of their country at heart, and who are determined to be no longer the tools and dupes of Congress, or France [Signed]", "Netflix's America: The Motion Picture fails at just about everything", "Netflix's 'America: The Motion Picture' knows who its audience is. Arnold said that it would have been better had it been in the chest instead of the leg. Benedict Arnold, despite his bravery on the battlefield, eventually switched sides and became the most infamous traitor in American history. Benedict Arnold is an American Revolutionary War General who is known for being the best American Strategist during the war. [31], Arnold was in the West Indies when the Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770. Benedict Arnold's name has become infamous for his treacherous acts regarding the fort at West Point, which he was in command of, and his very name has even become a synonym for either treason or betrayal. [101] From the ship, he wrote a letter to Washington[102] requesting that Peggy be given safe passage to her family in Philadelphiawhich Washington granted. My family have voted conservative in most elections. Clinton was uninterested in most of his aggressive ideas, but finally authorized him to raid the port of New London, Connecticut. He then directed the construction of a fleet to defend Lake Champlain, which was overmatched and defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island. His fellow conspirator, Major Andre, was hanged by the Continental army for being a spy. Arnold resented this affront, and only Washingtons personal persuasion kept him from resigning. [86], Arnold's command at West Point also gave him authority over the entire American-controlled Hudson River, from Albany down to the British lines outside New York City. This monument was erected under the patronage of the State of Connecticut in the 55th year of the Independence of the U.S.A. in memory of the brave patriots massacred at Fort Griswold near this spot on the 6th of Sept. With Benedict Arnold, he led the Green Mountain Boys to capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775. During the American Revolution, British Major John Andr joined with American General Benedict Arnoldin a scheme to secure British control over the American fortification at West Point, New York. During the summer of 1778, he met Peggy Shippen, the 18-year-old daughter of Judge Edward Shippen (III), a Loyalist sympathizer who had done business with the British while they occupied the city;[57] Peggy had been courted by British Major John Andr during the British occupation of Philadelphia. Major Benjamin Tallmadge was a member of the Continental Army's Culper Ring, a network of spies established under Washington's orders,[97] and he insisted that Jameson order the prisoner to be intercepted and brought back. Arnold immediately hastened to the shore and ordered bargemen to row him downriver to where HMS Vulture was anchored, fleeing on it to New York City. [10] His apprenticeship with the Lathrops lasted seven years. The Arnold residence attained the reputation as one of early Amsterdam's finer homes. [85], On August 3, 1780, Arnold obtained command of West Point. [114] His reputation also came under criticism in the British press, especially when compared to Major Andr who was celebrated for his patriotism. Why did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? The first man was a British major named John Andre. Because of the constant agony of two battlefield wounds in an already gout-ridden leg? Peggy's Childhood Peggy was the daughter of Edward Shippen and born into a prominent Philadelphia family. Bettmann / Corbis "You have five. Major-General Nathanael Greene (August 7 [O.S. His health simply declined, partly as a result of his war wounds, partly as a result of what used to be called dropsy edema, the dramatic retention of fluid in limbs. He led a force of more than 1,700 men which burned most of New London to the ground on September 4, causing damage estimated at $500,000. Their friendship became the foundation for the treason for which Peggy's. Arnold lost most of his siblings to yellow fever, calamitous events that triggered alcoholism in his father. 3. [25] On the night of January 28, 1767, he and members of his crew roughed up a man suspected of attempting to inform authorities of Arnold's smuggling. Nor was it named after Pope Benedict XIII, the leader of the Catholic Church from 1724 to 1730 (or any of the 15 other popes who took the name Benedict). On August 15, he received a coded letter from Andr with Clinton's final offer: 20,000[b] and no indemnification for his losses. At the end of 1781 Arnold went to England. These charges were then referred to Congress, and Arnold asked for an immediate court-martial to clear himself. One plaque bears only a rank and a date but no name: "major general born 1740". [113], Arnold then applied to accompany General Carleton, who was going to New York to replace Clinton as commander-in-chief, but the request went nowhere. In the winter of 1782, he and Peggy moved to London, England. [119] The most serious of these was a slander suit which he won against a former business partner; and following this, townspeople burned him in effigy in front of his house, as Peggy and the children watched. [68] Stansbury ignored instructions from Arnold to involve no one else in the plot, and he crossed the British lines and went to see Jonathan Odell in New York. [19][20] The captain was wounded in the first exchange of gunfire, and he apologized when Arnold threatened to aim to kill on the second. [48] However, he interpreted the manner in which they did so as an act of sympathy for his wounds, and not an apology or recognition that they were righting a wrong. He arrived before Quebec City in November, after a difficult passage in which 300 men turned back and another 200 died en route. He did, however, investigate its extent, and suggested that he was willing to exchange Andr for Arnold during negotiations with Clinton concerning Andr's fate. Benedict Arnold served in the Connecticut militia and participated in the Siege of Boston. Through the early morning hours of Sept. 22, 1780 the two plotted. Yet as every elementary school student knows, Benedict reneged on his original commitment and defected to England. Discussions had not borne fruit between Schuyler and Washington by early June. By early July, he was back in Philadelphia, where he wrote another secret message to Clinton on July 7 which implied that his appointment to West Point was assured and that he might even provide a "drawing of the works by which you might take [West Point] without loss". John Andr was executed for spying. But the brash war herohe helped take Fort Ticonderoga and led troops. Arnold reopened the secret channels with the British, informing them of Schuyler's proposals and including Schuyler's assessment of conditions at West Point. For additional information about Arnold's amazing career as a Continental officer, consult James Kirby Martin, Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered (New York, 1997). [118] The family moved to Saint John in 1787, where Arnold created an uproar with a series of bad business deals and petty lawsuits. He had his leg crudely set, rather than allowing it to be amputated, leaving it 2 inches (5cm) shorter than the right. Arnold purchased large tracts of land in the Maugerville area, and acquired city lots in Saint John and Fredericton. Benedict Arnold began the Revolutionary War as a militia captain. Donald Trump has taken over from Benedict Arnold as "America's number one traitor," according to a group of veterans seeking to vote the president out of office this November. Benedict Arnold was born on Jan. 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. When American leaders discovered the plot, Arnold fled. Andr was captured the next day, near Tarrytown, with those plans tucked inside his boot. While this is the case, no power in this country could suddenly place you in the situation you aim at under the East India Company. It is what happened after 1775 that began to wear him down and bring on his disillusionment. Arnold was promoted to brigadier general for his role in reaching Quebec, and he maintained an ineffectual siege of the city until he was replaced by Major General David Wooster in April 1776. [72] Clinton was pursuing a campaign to gain control of the Hudson River Valley, and was interested in plans and information on the defenses of West Point and other defenses on the Hudson River. betrayal. [49][citation not found], Arnold spent several months recovering from his injuries. [80] Many of these documents had been lost during the retreat from Quebec. Far fewer know . As a young man, Arnold. He presided over the rear of the Continental Army during its retreat from Saint-Jean, where he was reported by James Wilkinson to be the last person to leave before the British arrived. At critical moments Arnold inspired the Patriots with his grit and determination and earned the admiration of George Washington. [110], Even before Cornwallis's surrender in October, Arnold had requested permission from Clinton to go to England to give Lord George Germain his thoughts on the war in person. A Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June; Arnold had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. Promoted to the rank of brigadier general, Arnold constructed a flotilla on Lake Champlain and inflicted severe losses on a greatly superior enemy fleet near Valcour Island, New York (October 11, 1776). [50] There he participated in the first recorded Oath of Allegiance, along with many other soldiers, as a sign of loyalty to the United States.[51]. He marched with 700 men by way of the Maine wilderness, a remarkable feat of woodsmanship and endurance, and, reinforced by Gen. Richard Montgomery, attacked the well-fortified city. Unable to obtain a regular commission in the British army, he later pursued various business ventures, including land speculation in Canada. Shutterstock Though one might guess that the dish was named for Benedict Arnold, the most famous traitor of the American Revolution, it was not. [79], Shortly after Washington's rebuke, a Congressional inquiry into Arnold's expenditures concluded that he had failed to account fully for his expenditures incurred during the Quebec invasion, and that he owed the Congress some 1,000,[b] largely because he was unable to document them. After the war, he petitioned to have Vermont become a state. Only action by Arnold's superior at Ticonderoga prevented his own arrest on countercharges leveled by Hazen. "No," he replied, and after a few moments of silence, noticing my surprise, he added, "I am perhaps the only American who cannot give you letters for his own country all the relations I had there are now broken I must never return to the States." Benedict Arnold passed away on 3 March 1849. You may think it was odd that parents would name their newborn . [6] With the outbreak of the French Revolution, Arnold outfitted a privateer, while continuing to do business in the West Indies, even though the hostilities increased the risk. The prisoner seemed suprised to see the gallows, but walked calmy toward it. The two-story edifice occupied a lot on the west side of Market between East Main and Division Streets. He was extremely unpopular there and returned to London permanently in 1791, where he died ten years later. [35], During these actions, Arnold made a number of friends and a larger number of enemies within the army power structure and in Congress. The absent name is Benedict Arnold, a name now synonymous with "traitor." Many Americans understand why his name has been erased from the chapel of the garrison he once commanded. In 1780, when "The Capture of Benedict Arnold" episode takes place, Rittenhouse in real life was treasurer of Pennsylvania. [69] This was the beginning of a secret correspondence between Arnold and Andr, sometimes using his wife Peggy as a willing intermediary, which culminated more than a year later with Arnold's change of sides. Did he become a traitor because of all the injustice he suffered, real and imagined, at the hands of the Continental Congress and his jealous fellow generals? His chaplain Rev. In an ironic twist, Heron went into New York unaware of the significance of the letter and offered his own services to the British as a spy. When his British contact, Maj. John Andr, was captured by the Americans, Arnold escaped on a British ship, leaving Andr to be hanged as a spy. [11], Arnold was very close to his mother, who died in 1759. The fort was finally captured by the British in 1759. Arnold died in London at the age of 60. Benedict Arnold, (born January 14, 1741, Norwich, Connecticut [U.S.]died June 14, 1801, London, England), patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. At his request, a court martial was held to clear his name. 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